Temperature’s importance comes from its impact on so many environmental and processing situations. We, or more accurately the equipment we employ, require accurate temperature measurements to heat and cool our homes, to operate our car’s engine, to cook food, to process industrial materials, to monitor a patient’s vital signs, and the list goes on and [...]
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Electrons and “holes”
Pure semiconductors are relatively good insulators as compared with metals, though not nearly as good as a true insulator like glass. To be useful in semiconductor applications, the intrinsic semiconductor (pure undoped semiconductor) must have no more than one impurity atom in 10 billion semiconductor atoms. This is analogous to a grain of salt impurity [...]
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Semiconductor manufacturing techniques
Semiconductor manufacturing techniques The manufacture of only silicon based semiconductors is described in this section; most semiconductors are silicon. Silicon is particularly suitable for integrated circuits because it readily forms an oxide coating, useful in patterning integrated components like transistors. Silicon is the second most common element in the Earth’s crust in the form of [...]
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THYRISTORS : The Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS)
If we take the equivalent circuit for an SCR and add another external terminal, connected to the base of the top transistor and the collector of the bottom transistor, we have a device known as a silicon-controlled-switch, or SCS: (Figure below) The Silicon-Controlled Switch(SCS) This extra terminal allows more control to be exerted over the [...]
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The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) Shockley diodes are curious devices, but rather limited in application. Their usefulness may be expanded, however, by equipping them with another means of latching. In doing so, each becomes true amplifying devices (if only in an on/off mode), and we refer to these as silicon-controlled rectifiers, or SCRs. The progression from [...]
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Gunn diode, Shockley diode and Constant-current diodes
Diode, gunn Gunn diode A gunn diode is solely composed of N-type semiconductor. As such, it is not a true diode. Figure below shows a lightly doped N- layer surrounded by heavily doped N+ layers. A voltage applied across the N-type gallium arsenide gunn diode creates a strong electric field across the lightly doped N- [...]
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DIODES AND RECTIFIERS Solar cells
A photodiode optimized for efficiently delivering power to a load is the solar cell. It operates in photovoltaic mode (PV) because it is forward biased by the voltage developed across the load resistance. Monocrystalline solar cells are manufactured in a process similar to semiconductor processing. This involves growing a single crystal boule from molten high [...]
