Arduino microcontroller system Here’s how to get ready to work with the Arduino microcontroller system. Arduino is a microcontroller’s development board that very famous now.. Many people search information about arduino ,arduino projects ,arduino uno ,arduino wifi ,arduino due ,arduino shields ,arduino mega ,arduino tutorial ,arduino labview or arduino motor shield. I will sharing an [...]
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ELECTRICAL UNITS
ELECTRICAL UNITS We have discussed the big picture, so now some of the fine details must be explained. We will use standard units of measurement so that independent measurements can be related and have the same meaning.Three of these units are in common use: the volt, which is a measure of the electrical pressure; the [...]
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS : part 12 (Practical considerations)
As stated before, an ideal differential amplifier only amplifies the voltage difference between its two inputs. If the two inputs of a differential amplifier were to be shorted together (thus ensuring zero potential difference between them), there should be no change in output voltage for any amount of voltage applied between those two shorted inputs [...]
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Personal Computers Based vs PIC micro MCU Based Program Development
Engineers starting development on PC based products have the luxury of basic hardware pre-wired (i.e., keyboard, processor, memory, I/O, printer and visual display (screen)). The product development then comes down to writing the software and debugging the errors. Those embarking on a PIC based design have to create all the interfaces to the outside world [...]
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Attenuators (passive devices)
Attenuators are passive devices. It is convenient to discuss them along with decibels. Attenuators weaken or attenuate the high level output of a signal generator, for example, to provide a lower level signal for something like the antenna input of a sensitive radio receiver. (Figure below) The attenuator could be built into the signal generator, [...]
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS : part 3 (Negative feedback)
If we connect the output of an op-amp to its inverting input and apply a voltage signal to the noninverting input, we find that the output voltage of the op-amp closely follows that input voltage (I’ve neglected to draw in the power supply, +V/-V wires, and ground symbol for simplicity): As Vin increases, Vout will [...]
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS : part 15 (Drift and Frequency response)
Being semiconductor devices, op-amps are subject to slight changes in behavior with changes in operating temperature. Any changes in op-amp performance with temperature fall under the category of op-amp drift. Drift parameters can be specified for bias currents, offset voltage, and the like. Consult the manufacturer’s data sheet for specifics on any particular op-amp. To [...]
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Amplifier gain
Because amplifiers have the ability to increase the magnitude of an input signal, it is useful to be able to rate an amplifier’s amplifying ability in terms of an output/input ratio. The technical term for an amplifier’s output/input magnitude ratio is gain. As a ratio of equal units (power out / power in, voltage out [...]
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AVR Internal Registers
You can manipulate the internal register values directly from BASCOM. They are also reserved words. Each register acts like a memory location or program variable, except that the bits of each byte have a special meaning. The bits control how the internal hardware functions, or report the status of internal hardware functions. Read the data [...]
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Diode switching circuits
Diodes can perform switching and digital logic operations. Forward and reverse bias switch a diode between the low and high impedance states, respectively. Thus, it serves as a switch. Diodes can perform digital logic functions: AND, and OR. Diode logic was used in early digital computers. It only finds limited application today. Sometimes it is [...]
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS : part 5 (An analogy for divided feedback)
A helpful analogy for understanding divided feedback amplifier circuits is that of a mechanical lever, with relative motion of the lever’s ends representing change in input and output voltages, and the fulcrum (pivot point) representing the location of the ground point, real or virtual. Take for example the following noninverting op-amp circuit. We know from [...]
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS : part 13 (Offset voltage)
Another practical concern for op-amp performance is voltage offset. That is, effect of having the output voltage something other than zero volts when the two input terminals are shorted together. Remember that operational amplifiers are differential amplifiers above all: they’re supposed to amplify the difference in voltage between the two input connections and nothing more. [...]
