Attenuators are passive devices. It is convenient to discuss them along with decibels. Attenuators weaken or attenuate the high level output of a signal generator, for example, to provide a lower level signal for something like the antenna input of a sensitive radio receiver. (Figure below) The attenuator could be built into the signal generator, [...]
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The global electrical power scene
Total global electrical power production in 2001 amounted to around 15 700 terawatt hours (TWh), with an average of 2600 kilowatt-hours (kWh) per capita per annum. The global installed electric power facilities are very dificult to quantify exactly. Estimates vary from 3430GW [15] in 2000 to over 4200GW [16], with the prospect of the latter [...]
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all about electronic cigarette
An electronic cigarette, e-cigarette or personal vaporizer, is a battery-powered device that provides inhaled doses of nicotine by way of a vaporized solution. It is an alternative to smoked tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars, or pipes. In addition to purported nicotine delivery, this vapor also provides a flavor and physical sensation similar to that [...]
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Flow Sensors
While the plastic must be kept in a molten state until it gets to the mold, once there the goal is to solidify the molten plastic in the desired shape. To do this, cooling channels are built into the molds that circulate cool water or other fluids to remove the heat from the plastic quickly. [...]
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS : part 3 (Negative feedback)
If we connect the output of an op-amp to its inverting input and apply a voltage signal to the noninverting input, we find that the output voltage of the op-amp closely follows that input voltage (I’ve neglected to draw in the power supply, +V/-V wires, and ground symbol for simplicity): As Vin increases, Vout will [...]
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS : part 15 (Drift and Frequency response)
Being semiconductor devices, op-amps are subject to slight changes in behavior with changes in operating temperature. Any changes in op-amp performance with temperature fall under the category of op-amp drift. Drift parameters can be specified for bias currents, offset voltage, and the like. Consult the manufacturer’s data sheet for specifics on any particular op-amp. To [...]
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Photocell
Photocells are made from a compound called cadmium sulfide that changes in resistance when exposed to varying degrees of light. Cadmium sulfide photocells are most sensitive to visible red light, with some sensitivity to other wavelengths. Photocells have a relatively slow response to changes in light. The characteristic blinking of overhead ourescent lamps, which turn [...]
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The Transition to Electric Vehicles
The transition to pure electric vehicles will require significant advances in technology as well as changes in driving habits and expectations by the public. Unlike Hybrid Gasoline-Electric vehicles, BEVs will require an infrastructure of charging stations separate from the existing gasoline distribution network. Additional planning on the part of the vehicles owners will be required [...]
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how to jtagged
JTAG Programming The JTAG Programming interface is controlled by the same lock bits controlling all other programming interfaces. So it will be as secure as any of them. On-Chip Debug As Shown in the block diagram the only way to enabled OCD is to leave the lock bits off and then enabling both JTAGEN and [...]
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The Nexus standard and the components
While the JTAG standard was originally designed to allow physical testing of devices during PCB assembly, it has been adapted for a variety of uses, most notably to provide in-circuit programmability to FPGAs. Another use of JTAG has been to provide communications for the implementation of on-chip debugging functions in microprocessors. To this end a [...]
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electricity
ELECTRICITY has been called the stuff of the universe. Early scientists believed it was a kind of fluid that flowed through wires, that it was of two kinds, and that it was contained in equal amounts in neutral bodies. Now it is known as a movement of electrons — a negatively-charged body indicating an excess [...]
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PIC16 Microcontrollers
? MCU features ? Program execution ? RAM file registers ? Other PIC chips The microcontroller unit (MCU) is now big, or rather small, in electronics. It is one of the most significant developments in the continuing miniaturization of electronic hardware. Now, even trivial products, such as a musical birthday card or electronic price tag, [...]
