family such as a 74FHC573 if you go beyond 4 MHz. You can also program an extra wait state, to use slower memory. Here you will find a pdf file showing the STK200 schematics: http://www.avr-forum.com/Stk200_schematic.pdf If you use a 32 KB SRAM, then connect the /CS signal to A15 which give to the range of [...]
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Article2
Transistor as a switch
Because a transistor’s collector current is proportionally limited by its base current, it can be used as a sort of current-controlled switch. A relatively small flow of electrons sent through the base of the transistor has the ability to exert control over a much larger flow of electrons through the collector. Suppose we had a [...]
Article3
Interrupt Controller
The Interrupt ReQuests (IRQ’s) of a PC is handled by two 8259 Programmable Interrupt Controllers. On the old XT’s/AT’s these were two 28 Pin DIP IC’s, but as you can imagine, things have changed dramatically since then. While the operational principal is still the same, the PIC is now integrated somewhere into your chipset, along [...]
Article4
Quantum Detectors
We will start by examining the quantum detectors, since they offer the best performance for detection of optical radiation. In all of the quantum detectors, the photon is absorbed and an electron is liberated in the structure with the energy of the photon. This process is very complicated, and we will not examine it in [...]
Article5
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) is an electronic computer that is easy to use (user friendly), which has control functions for various types and various levels of difficulty. Definition Programmable Logic Controller (Capiel,1982) is: an electronic system that operates in digital and designed for use in industrial environments, where the system uses a programmable memory for [...]
Article6
Intel 82C55A Chip Architecture
The Intel 82C55A is a high-performance, CHMOS version of the industry standard 8255A general purpose programmable I/O device which is designed for use with all Intel and most other microprocessors. It provides 24 I/O pins which may be individually programmed in 2 groups of 12 and used in 3 major modes of operation. The 82C55A [...]
Article7
Microprocessor Evaluation Board
Among software engineers, the most popular tool used for learning a processor and testing code before the target system is ready is the microprocessor evaluation board. This is a board with the target microprocessor and some memory, that typically uses a network connection or a serial port to communicate with the host. It allows initial [...]
Article8
Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) Simulator
For projects that use real time operating systems (RTOS), it is possible to use a host compiled version of the RTOS. Some commercial operating system vendors provide the host-compiled version that can be run on a workstation. For custom or proprietary operating systems, the RTOS code can usually be “ported” to the host. The RTOS [...]
Article9
Tricycle Drive
Tricycle Drive Tricycle-drive configurations (see Figure 1.7) employing a single driven front wheel and two passive rear wheels (or vice versa) are fairly common in AGV applications because of their inherent simplicity. For odometry instrumentation in the form of a steering-angle encoder, the dead-reckoning solution is equivalent to that of an Ackerman-steered vehicle, where the [...]
arm microcontroller10
JTAG Emulator for ARM
Embest UNetICE for ARM is the new-generation high-speed real time Jtag emulator made by Embest. UNetICE connects the PC USB port or Ethernet port to the JTAG interface of the arm target board and allows Flash programming and debugging. UNetICE allows you to: • Download target programs. • Examine memory and registers. • Single-step through [...]
arm microcontroller11
ARM7 Microprocessor Family
The ARM7 core has a Von Neumann–style architecture, where both data and instructions use the same bus. The core has a three-stage pipeline and executes the architecture ARMv4T instruction set. The ARM7TDMI was the first of a new range of processors introduced in 1995 by ARM. It is currently a very popular core and is [...]
arm microcontroller12
ARM Processor Fundamentals
Chapter 1 covered embedded systems with an ARM processor. In this chapter we will focus on the actual processor it self. First, we will provide an overview of the processor core and describe how data moves between its different parts. We will describe the programmer’s model from a software developer’s view of the ARM processor, [...]
