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Engineers starting development on PC based products have the luxury of basic hardware pre-wired (i.e., keyboard, processor, memory, I/O, printer and visual display (screen)). The product development then comes down to writing the software and debugging the errors. Those embarking on a PIC based design have to create all the interfaces to the outside world [...]
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Attenuators are passive devices. It is convenient to discuss them along with decibels. Attenuators weaken or attenuate the high level output of a signal generator, for example, to provide a lower level signal for something like the antenna input of a sensitive radio receiver. (Figure below) The attenuator could be built into the signal generator, [...]
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Total global electrical power production in 2001 amounted to around 15 700 terawatt hours (TWh), with an average of 2600 kilowatt-hours (kWh) per capita per annum. The global installed electric power facilities are very dificult to quantify exactly. Estimates vary from 3430GW [15] in 2000 to over 4200GW [16], with the prospect of the latter [...]
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An electronic cigarette, e-cigarette or personal vaporizer, is a battery-powered device that provides inhaled doses of nicotine by way of a vaporized solution. It is an alternative to smoked tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars, or pipes. In addition to purported nicotine delivery, this vapor also provides a flavor and physical sensation similar to that [...]
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While the plastic must be kept in a molten state until it gets to the mold, once there the goal is to solidify the molten plastic in the desired shape. To do this, cooling channels are built into the molds that circulate cool water or other fluids to remove the heat from the plastic quickly. [...]
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If we connect the output of an op-amp to its inverting input and apply a voltage signal to the noninverting input, we find that the output voltage of the op-amp closely follows that input voltage (I’ve neglected to draw in the power supply, +V/-V wires, and ground symbol for simplicity): As Vin increases, Vout will [...]
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Being semiconductor devices, op-amps are subject to slight changes in behavior with changes in operating temperature. Any changes in op-amp performance with temperature fall under the category of op-amp drift. Drift parameters can be specified for bias currents, offset voltage, and the like. Consult the manufacturer’s data sheet for specifics on any particular op-amp. To [...]
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Photocells are made from a compound called cadmium sulfide that changes in resistance when exposed to varying degrees of light. Cadmium sulfide photocells are most sensitive to visible red light, with some sensitivity to other wavelengths. Photocells have a relatively slow response to changes in light. The characteristic blinking of overhead ourescent lamps, which turn [...]
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The transition to pure electric vehicles will require significant advances in technology as well as changes in driving habits and expectations by the public. Unlike Hybrid Gasoline-Electric vehicles, BEVs will require an infrastructure of charging stations separate from the existing gasoline distribution network. Additional planning on the part of the vehicles owners will be required [...]
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JTAG Programming The JTAG Programming interface is controlled by the same lock bits controlling all other programming interfaces. So it will be as secure as any of them. On-Chip Debug As Shown in the block diagram the only way to enabled OCD is to leave the lock bits off and then enabling both JTAGEN and [...]
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Because amplifiers have the ability to increase the magnitude of an input signal, it is useful to be able to rate an amplifier’s amplifying ability in terms of an output/input ratio. The technical term for an amplifier’s output/input magnitude ratio is gain. As a ratio of equal units (power out / power in, voltage out [...]
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While the JTAG standard was originally designed to allow physical testing of devices during PCB assembly, it has been adapted for a variety of uses, most notably to provide in-circuit programmability to FPGAs. Another use of JTAG has been to provide communications for the implementation of on-chip debugging functions in microprocessors. To this end a [...]
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AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER
connecting microcontroler and computer with usb comunication
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS : part 2 (The "operational" amplifier)
Sensor Signal Conditioning : bridge circuit part1
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) in AVR ATMega 8535
Wireless Microcontroller : Jennic JN5148-001
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all about electronic cigarette
Neural Network
Programmable Logic Controller